Quality Tools in Decision Making Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Quality Tools in Decision Making - Research Paper Example Since it is an essential instrument in the prosperity of organizations, examination and analysis of its background, strengths and limitations besides applications and benefits are critical. Background of the tool SWOT analysis originated from the research executed at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) from ‘60-‘70. The background to SWOT started from the need to establish why corporate forecasting failed. Fortune 500 companies sponsored the research to determine what could be done concerning this failure. The Research Team consisted of Marion Dosher and Dr Otis Benepe among others. It all commenced with the business-planning trend, which appeared originally at Du Pont in 1949. In ’60, each Fortune 500 business had a corporate forecasting manager or similar and organization of the extensive range corporate planners had emerged in both the US and the UK. However, a common opinion sprung in all of the companies that commercial planning in the shape of extended range pl anning was not operational, and was an expensive asset in futility. This was the period and stage when the organizations started to embrace this model in management planning (Dunne, Mard, Osborne, & Rigby, 2004). Strengths and weaknesses Strengths and weaknesses are constituents of internal factors of a business and, therefore, form significant advantages to the planners in business. Strengths relate to the viable advantages and other unique competencies, which can be utilized by the company on the market. Weaknesses are the challenges, which delay the progress of a company in a certain trend. To function productively in this respect, the company must direct its future goals on its strengths, while avoiding tendencies connected to the weaknesses of the company (Houben, el at, 1999). The strengths of the criminal field can take different aspects such as highly experienced and qualified personnel who offer legal advises. Additionally, charging affordable fees for legal services can cr eate an advantage over the rivals. Reasonable fees for consultation or representation in court matters shall draw clients to one’s firm hence serving as strength. Clients are vital assets in the daily operations of organizations, therefore, if well treated can create a superior rapport with them. If organizations access funds for investments, then modern technologies become essential to hire and qualified staffs can be employed at moderate market rates and wages. However, weaknesses can originate from limited access to investment funds to inject in the business. This means that the organization will be unable to adopt modern technologies or hire highly qualified staffs. Another form of weakness is the lack of healthy competition to organizations; firms will not be able to explore creativity and innovation. Production of substandard services poses long-term challenges especially if new firms are introduced in the market. Low wages to workers will morale them leading to low out put of efforts. This further results to high labor turn over due to lack of incentives. Brain drains from organizations are negative challenges to firms because the reputation of the firm is tainted and service provision will fall below standard (Hill & Jones, 2013). Common uses of SWOT analysis There are many uses of SWOT analysis in scrutinizing the different environments of a company: this instrument forms a structure for recognizing and analyzing strengths, challenges,

Collaborative project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Collaborative project - Assignment Example collaboration plan had little or no impact on student learning, you have the opportunity to reflect on the plan and identify possible alternative approaches that could be used in the future. The collaboration task format is based on the Kentucky Teacher Internship teacher performance assessment model. It supports Kentucky Teacher Standard VIII, Collaborates with Colleagues/Parents/Others. The format has been modified for application to teacher preparation. You will collaborate with one or more other professionals to design and implement a plan for a student whose learning could be enhanced by collaboration. Be sure to review carefully the appropriate guidelines before completing this form. Edward has a learning disability which affects hearing processing. Like many students with invisible disabilities, such as learning and mental impairments, he is sensitive to the attitudes and thoughts of fellow classmates and teachers regarding his need for special facilities in class. In the meeting I discussed in detail with the subject teachers/concerned teachers about the performance of Edward in their subjects specially the marks percentage which he got in monthly, quarterly and annual examinations. I also enquired in explanatory way about his concentration in each class. Besides all this, activities of Edwards were monitored and discussed in the meeting. The main impact of the collaboration plan on this student’s learning is that on spot assessment is possible. Because of this plan I evaluate students grades/marks frequently like monthly, quarterly and annually. Moreover, I also monitor his activities and interests on regular

Skills Of A Manager Three Essential Skills Or Competencies Business Essay

Skills Of A Manager Three Essential Skills Or Competencies Business Essay A managers job is varied and complex. Managers need certain skills to perform the duties and activities associated with being a manager A mark of a good leader is to be able to provide consistent motivation to his team encouraging them to attain excellence and quality in their performance. A good leader is always looking for ways to improve production and standards. Here are six management skills you can develop as a leader in working to create a quality effective team The three essential skills or competencies are: 1. Technical skills involve process or technique knowledge and proficiency in a certain specialized field, such as engineering, computers, accounting, or manufacturing. These skills are more important at lower levels of management since these managers are dealing with employees doing the organizations work. The technical skill involves the managers understanding of the nature of job that people under him have to perform. It refers to a persons knowledge and proficiency in any type of process or technique. In a production department, this would mean an understanding of the technicalities of the process of production. Whereas this type of skill and competence seems to be more important at the lower levels of management, its relative importance as a part of the managerial role diminishes as the manager moves to higher positions. In higher functional positions, such as the position of a marketing manager or production manager, the conceptual component, related to these functional areas becomes more important and the technical component becomes less important and the technical component becomes less important. 2. Human Skills involve the ability to interact effectively with people. Managers interact and cooperate with employees. Because managers deal directly with people, this skill is crucial. Managers with good human skills re bale to get best out of their people. They know how to communicate, motivate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm and trust. These skills are equally important at all levels of management. Human skills are also the ability to interact effectively with people at all levels. This skill develops in the manager sufficient ability. a) To recognize the feelings and sentiments of others b) To judge the possible reactions to, and outcomes of various courses of action he may undertake and c) To examine his own concepts and values this may enable him to develop more useful attitudes about himself. 3. Conceptual Skills- involve the formulation of ideas, conceptualization about abstract and complex situations. Managers understand abstract relationships, develop ideas and solve problems creatively. Using these skills, managers must be able to see the organization as a whole. They have to understand the relationships among various subunits, and visualize how organization fits into its border environment. These skills are most important at the top management levels. Conceptual skills refer to the ability of a manager to take a broad and farsighted view of the organization and its future, his ability to think in abstract, his ability to analyze the forces working in a situation, his creative and innovative ability and his ability to assess the environment and the changes taking place in it. In short, it is his ability to conceptualize the environment, the organization, and his won job, so that he can set appropriate goals for his organization, for himself and for his team. This skill seems to increase in importance as a manager move up to higher positions of responsibility in the organization. Thus, technical skill deals with things, human skills concerns people, and conceptual-skill has to do with ideas. A manager is responsible for the successful implementation of management skills. A good manager needs to adhere to the basic management principles and exhibit the basic management skills in his/her personality. Basic Management Skills 1. Leadership: This is one of the most important management skills. Leadership comprises of the efficient organization of the resources in achieving a company goal. Leadership involves the management of human resources with an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of each member of the team. It is about leading the people and guiding them towards the accomplishment of a common goal. Leadership includes a just allocation of work to the resources, planning of the implementation of tasks assigned and helping the team with task completion. 2. Team Building: This is another basic management skill that includes dealing with people, the most important asset of an organization. Encouraging the team members to speak up, come up with ideas and allowing them to make mistakes and learn from them can be described as a team building skill. To build a team, one needs to foster the team spirit in all of the team members. For the team to feel motivated to work, it is important for a manager to cater to their expectations, recognize their strengths and understand where they lack. The building of a team is about building the team spirit in members and maintaining it. The skill lies in knowing the team and encouraging them to take initiative and enthusiastically participate in every venture of the company. 3. Communication and Presentation Skills: After having achieved the knowledge of a certain domain and on having imbibed the technical skills and more importantly self-confidence needed to be a manager, what one may lack are the soft skills, which are equally important in management. The soft skills encompass the communication and presentation skills. A manager should be open to his/her team. A manager should be able to accept constructive criticism. It is important for the manager to communicate his/her plans to the team and accept the team members inputs on the plan of action. Communication is a two-way activity and for it to remain so, a manager needs to possess listening skills. They help a manager understand his/her team members, invite their participation and earn their regard. Good presentation skills help a manager impressively communicate with the team. How you communicate? is as important as what you communicate? So, the presentation skills definitely matter. 4. Decision-making Skill: Many a time, quick decisions have to be made. In such cases it becomes necessary for a manager to grasp the situation, think about what can be done and thoughtfully analyze the consequences of the decision to be made. A problem-solving approach is also considered as one of the basic management skills. To look at a situation analytically, one needs to bear a problem-solving approach. One needs to reason every consequence and come up with the pros and cons of the decision. A manager needs to be a quick thinker. For taking the right decision, one cannot afford to panic. One has to keep his/her cool, be aware of the results of the decisions and be prepared for them. A manager can get opportunities to celebrate a business success. But it is equally probable that a manager is forced to handle the consequences of a wrong decision. Hence while it is necessary to distinguish between the right and the wrong, it is also necessary to be ready to accept the wrongs and deal with them. In short management skills are about making the right decisions and getting them executed by the right people. Thus, management skills are indeed all those things that effective management professionals do! Management Skills A Manager must utilize skills to effectively organize the team, to achieve a successful goal, in the least amount of time, and cost. Management skills are learned in school, by experience, and information gathered from   employees that worked with managers. A manager knows how to lead the team, but never be a dictator Listed below are management skills: Recruit and Interview: Managers recruit and interview the best candidates for the organization. Matching the education, experience, and knowledge, for a specific job. Letting each candidate know, what are the expectations, and receiving any suggestions. Organization: Organizing the team to achieve a specific goal. Delegating each team member, to an assigned task. Remembering, never to over extend responsibilities to one person. Always, having the confidence and giving respect to each member. Budget: Managing a budget is critically important for the financial integrity of any project. Under budgeting a project, may undermine the ability to get the project done on time or failure. Managing a project that is under budget, certainly is most desirable for the cost savings. Motivation: Managers can motivate their staff by praise and incentives, to create a friendly working environment, and having diligent employees, that are less likely to resign. Ethics: Managers should uphold business ethics. Disregarding ethical standards can ruin the reputation of a manager and the loss of respect earned from his employees, and clients. Ethics can be learned, but honesty comes from the heart 8 WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR MANAGERIAL SKILLS Each year, thousands of people make the switch from staff engineer or scientist to manager. And, although many of us look forward to the change, we find it frustrating once we get there. When we were engineers, we were rewarded for our technical skills and labors in direct proportion to what we accomplished. But now, as a manager, our success is measured not by our own output hut by the output and productivity of the people we supervise. And that sense of not being in direct control can be a frustrating feeling. Fortunately, working with others and getting them to give you their best can be just as rewarding as technical accomplishments . . . once you get the hang of it. Here are eight tips that will help you to manage and to guide your people more effectively. The Human Touch The most valuable qualities you can develop within yourself are patience, kindness, and consideration for other people. Although machines and chemicals dont care whether you scream and curse at them, people do. Your subordinates are not just engineers, scientists, administrators, clerks, and programmers theyre people, first and foremost. People with families and friends, likes and dislikes. People with feelings. Respect them as people and youll get their respect and loyalty in return. But treat them coldly and impersonally and they will lose motivation to perform for you. Corny as it sounds, the Golden Rule Do unto others as you would have others do unto you à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœis a sound, proven management principle. The next time youre about to discipline a worker or voice your displeasure, ask yourself, Would I like to be spoken to the way Im thinking of speaking to him or her? Give your people the same kindness and consideration that you would want to receive if you were in their place. Dont Be Overly Critical As a manager, its part of your job to keep your people on the right track. And that involves pointing out errors and telling them where theyve gone wrong. But some managers are overly critical. Theyre not happy unless they are criticizing. They rarely accomplish much or take on anything new themselves, but they are only too happy to tell others where they went wrong, why theyre doing it incorrectly, and why they could do the job better. Dont be this type of person. Chances are, you have more knowledge and experience in your field than a good many of the people you supervise. But thats why the company made you the boss! Your job is to guide and teach these people not to yell or nit-pick or show them how dumb they are compared to you. Mary Kay Ash, founder and director of Mary Kay Cosmetics, says that successful managers encourage their people instead of criticizing them. Forget their mistakes, she advises, and zero in on one small thing they do right. Praise them and theyll do more things right and discover talents and abilities they never realized they had. Let Them Fail Of course, to follow through on Mary Kays advice, youve got to let your people make some mistakes. Does this shock you? Im not surprised. Most workers expect to be punished for every mistake. Most managers think its a black eye on their record when an employee goofs. But successful managers know that the best way for their people to learn and grow is through experience and that means taking chances and making errors. Give your people the chance to try new skills or tasks without a supervisor looking over their shoulders but only on smaller, less crucial projects. That way, mistakes wont hurt the company and can quickly and easily be corrected. On major projects, where performance is critical, youll want to give as much supervision as is needed to ensure successful completion of the task. Be Available Have you ever been enthusiastic about a project, only to find yourself stuck, unable to continue, while you waited for someone higher up to check your work before giving the go ahead for the next phase? Few things dampen employee motivation more than management inattention. As a manager, you have a million things to worry about besides the report sitting in your mailbox, waiting for your approval. But to the person who wrote that report, each days delay causes frustration, anger, worry, and insecurity. So, although youve got a lot to do, give your first attention to approving, reviewing, and okaying projects in progress. If employees stop by to ask a question or discuss a project, invite them to sit down for a few minutes. If youre pressed for time, set up an appointment for later that day, and keep it. This will let your people know you are genuinely interested in them. And thats something theyll really appreciate. Improve the Workplace People are most productive when they have the right tools and work in pleasant, comfortable surroundings. According to a study by the Buffalo Organization, a comfortable office environment creates an extra $1600 of productivity annually for professionals and managers. Having the right equipment is equally important. One of my clients recently hired a full-time technical writer at a salary of $25,000, but was reluctant to invest $2500 in a word processor for him to use. I explained that, in my experience, a word processor can easily double the productivity of a writer. Therefore, if the writer was expected to produce $25,000 worth of work with a typewriter, he could produce $50,000 with a word processor an extra $25,000 a year in productivity for a $2500 investment! The client bought the computer. Both the company and the writer were delighted with the results. Be aware that you may not be the best judge of what your employees need to do their jobs effectively. Even if youve done the job yourself, someone else may work best with a different set of tools, or in a different setup because each person is different. If your people complain about work conditions, listen. These complaints are usually not made for selfgain, but stem from each workers desire to do the best job possible. And by providing the right equipment or work space, you can achieve enormous increases in output . . . open with a minimal investment. A Personal Interest in People When is the last time you asked your secretary how her son was doing in Little League or how she enjoyed her vacation? Good salespeople know that relating to the customer on a person-to-person level is the fastest way to win friends and sales. Yet many technical managers remain aloof and avoid conversation that does not relate directly to business. Why? Perhaps its because engineers are more comfortable with equations and inanimate objects than with people, and feel uncomfortable in social situations. But just as a salesperson wants to get to know his customer, you can benefit by showing a little personal interest in your people their problems, family life, health, and hobbies. This doesnt have to be insincere or overdone just the type of routine conversation that should naturally pass between people who work closely. If youve been ignoring your employees, get into the habit of taking a few minutes every week (or every day) to say hello and chat for a minute or two If an employee has a personal problem affecting his mood or performance, try to find out what it is and how you might help. Send a card or small gift on important occasions and holidays, such as a 10th anniversary with the firm or a birthday. Often, it is the little things we do for people (such as letting workers with long commutes leave early on a snowy day, or springing for dinner when overtime is required) that determine their loyally to you. Be Open to Ideas You may think the sign of a good manager is to have a department where everybody is busy at work on their assigned tasks. But if your people are merely doing their jobs, theyre only working at about half their potential. A truly productive department is one in which every employee is actively thinking of better, more efficient methods of working ways in which to produce a higher quality product. in less time, at lower cost. To get this kind of innovation from your people, you have to be receptive to new ideas; whats more, you have to encourage your people to produce new ideas. Incentives are one way you can offer a cash bonus, time off, a gift. But a more po ­tent form of motivation is simply the employees knowing that management does listen and does put employee suggestions and ideas to work. Quality Circles, used by Westinghouse and other major firms, are one way of putting this into action The old standby, the suggestion box. is another time tested method. And when you listen to new ideas, be open minded. Dont shoot down a suggestion before youve heard it in full. Many of us are too quick, too eager, to show off our own experience and knowledge and say that something wont work because weve tried it before or we dont do it that way. Well, maybe you did try it before, but that doesnt mean it wont work now. And having done things a certain way in the past doesnt mean youve necessarily been doing them the best way. A good manager is open-minded and receptive to new ideas. Give Your People a Place to Go If a worker doesnt have a place to go a position to aspire to, a promotion to work toward then his job is a dead end. And dead-end workers are usually bored, unhappy, and unproductive. Organize your department so that everyone has opportunity for advancement, so that there is a logical progression up the ladder in terms of title, responsibility, status, and pay. If this isnt possible because your department is too small, perhaps that progression must inevitably lead to jobs outside the department. If so, dont hold people back; instead, encourage them to aim for these goals so that they will put forth their best efforts during all the years they are with you. Planning and Controlling Planning The process of setting goals, developing strategies, and outlining tasks and schedules to accomplish the goals. Controlling Management control describes the means by which the actions of individuals or groups within an organization are constrained to perform certain actions while avoiding other actions in an effort to achieve organizational goals. Management control falls into two broad categories-regulative and normative controls-but within these categories are several types. Planning and controlling are two separate fuctions of management, yet they are closely related. The scope of activities if both are overlapping to each other. Without the basis of planning, controlling activities becomes baseless and without controlling, planning becomes a meaningless exercise. In absense of controlling, no purpose can be served by. Therefore, planning and controlling reinforce each other. According to Billy Goetz, Relationship between the two can be summarized in the following points Planning preceeds controlling and controlling succeeds planning. Planning and controlling are inseperable functions of management. Activities are put on rails by planning and they are kept at right place through controlling. The process of planning and controlling works on Systems Approach which is as follows : Planning  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Results  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Corrective Action Planning and controlling are integral parts of an organization as both are important for smooth running of an enterprise. Planning and controlling reinforce each other. Each drives the other function of management. In the present dynamic environment which affects the organization, the strong relationship between the two is very critical and important. In the present day environment, it is quite likely that planning fails due to some unforeseen events. There controlling comes to the rescue. Once controlling is done effectively, it give us stimulus to make better plans. Therefore, planning and controlling are in separate functions of a business enterprise. Types of Plan A business plan is basically a road map to success for your business. Many individuals have great ideas for businesses, but can never get that business off of the ground. A business plan details all of the facets of a business and explains how it will be successful. If you are thinking of beginning a business, start with a business plan. There a few different types of business plans; as a business owner, you should use these as a guide to thinking about how to make your business work Feasibility Plan A feasibility plan should be the first thing you complete. This outlines the chances that a start-up venture will be successful. It should detail the money needed for the start-up, regular expenses and the price of offered goods and services. Essentially, it examines whether the venture is worth pursuing. Start-Up Plan This is the most common type of business plan. A start-up plan details all of the things you need to do to begin the business. It should cover many details, including the products or services that youll be providing, the marketing strategies you plan to employ, the team or employees that you will be using and a financial analysishow you plan to pay for all of it. Answering these questions can help you think more in-depth about your business venture and put a plan in action. Strategic Plan A strategic plan deals with the strategy you plan to employ for a certain project. Perhaps you plan to launch a new product or offer a new service. Perhaps you want to lower your marketing budget, or restructure the company. This can all be done with a strategy plan, where you brainstorm how a project can be done. Growth Plan A growth plan is necessary for those who own businesses that are moderately successful, and who are ready for the next level: growth. A growth plan details how the business will grow. It gives a target date or a basic itinerary for the projected growth period, and details how that growth will take place: perhaps through aggressive marketing, more investors or better production. Operations Plan An operations plan is an internal plan that is usually not meant for investors or clients, but for the owner and employees only. This should detail how the business is meant to run. It can include upcoming projects, events and milestones for the business. It can also detail different employees responsibilities. Long Term Plan A long-term planning for MIS is essential as its focus is strategic in nature, and are long term in nature and hence its development and budgeting has to be planeed for if MIS is to be used and expanded but some parts are also medium term as in tactical, and short term as in operational. Without a long term plan integrating MIS of all three levels is difficult. Since business plan are by nature long term, its integration with MIS and its support to strategic nature is also long term. MIS is very much part of a business operation as it is like any long term assets, such as building and equipment. Without infomation or MIS, a transaction, plans required to managed becomes very difficult to compete in todays world without information. Short Term Plan In real world business terms, short term plans are plan made to last anywhere between 3 and 12 months. Medium term plans can be between 1 and 3 to 5 years. In general, a plan with a planning horizon of five years or less. Also called short range plan. Single-Use Plans Single-use plans   are   essentially   one-time   use   plans having a specific goal or objective. They may run for a few days or last several years. Projects, programs, and budgets are commonly thought of as single-use plans. Planning is looking ahead and controlling is looking back Standing Plans Standing plans consist of policies,   procedures,   and regulations. They exist to guide you in the absence of higher authority. They enable you to make rational, informed, consistent decisions and plans   without constantly   Ã‚  consulting   Ã‚  higher   Ã‚  levels   Ã‚  of   Ã‚  command. Standing plans exist until canceled or changed by higher authority Planning is looking ahesd and controlling os looking back Planning is Looking Ahead is true because it contributes heavily to success and gives us some control over the future. By, planning we set aside our tasks and deadlines so we can enlarge our mental focus and seeing the bigger picture. By, planning we can set our Personal or organizational goals and for this defiantly we have to look ahead. But, Planning is not ending with such strategies or guidelines. It has relation with Implementation and controls. Because plans are not always proceed as conceived. The control process measures progress towards goal attainment and indicate corrective action if too much deviation is detected. Controlling investigates whether planning was successful. Controlling referred to as terminal management function, takes place after the other functions have been completed. And for this process we have to look back and have to analyze the performance of our planning, organizing and leading. And therefore we have to look back also. So, yes we can say Control is looking back for Investigation, Analysis, and Understandings and for checking our effectiveness and efficiency. Types of Control Regulative Controls Normative Controls Bureaucratic Controls Team Norms Financial Controls Organizational Cultural Norms Quality Controls The following section addresses regulative controls including bureaucratic controls, financial controls, and quality controls. The second section addresses normative controls including team norms and organization cultural norms. REGULATIVE CONTROLS Regulative controls stem from standing policies and standard operating procedures, leading some to criticize regulative controls as outdated and counter-productive. As organizations have become more flexible in recent years by flattening organizational hierarchies, expanding organizational boundaries to include suppliers in inventory management and customers in new product development, forging cooperative alliances with competitors, and developing virtual organizations in which employees are geographically dispersed and may meet only a few time each year, critics point out that regulative controls may prevent rather promote goal attainment. There is some truth to this. Customer service representatives at Holiday Inn are limited in the extent to which they can correct mistakes involving guests. They can move guests to a different room if there is excessive noise in the room next to the guests room. In some instances, guests may get a gift certificate for an additional night at another Holiday Inn if they have had a particularly bad experience. In contrast, customer service representatives at Tokyos Marriott Inn have the latitude to take up to $500 off a customers bill to solve complaints. The actions of customer service representatives at both Holiday Inn and Marriott Inn must follow policies and procedures, yet those at Marriott are likely to feel less constrained and more empowered by Marriotts policies and procedures compared to Holiday Inn customer service representatives. The key in terms of management control is matching regulative controls such as policies and procedures with organizational goals such as customer satisfaction. Each of the three types of regulative controls discussed in the next few paragraphs has the potential to align or misalign organizational goals with regulative controls. The challenge for managers is striking the right balance between too much control and too little. BUREAUCRATIC CONTROLS Bureaucratic controls stem from lines of authority and this authority comes with ones position in the organizational hierarchy. The higher up the chain of command, the more an individual will have authority to dictate policies and procedures. Bureaucratic controls have gotten a bad name and often rightfully so. Organizations placing too much reliance on chain of command authority relationships inhibit flexibility to deal with unexpected events. However, there are ways managers can build flexibility into policies and procedures that make bureaucracies as flexible and able to quickly respond to customer problems as any other form of organizational control. Consider how hospitals, for example, are structured along hierarchical lines of authority. Table 2 Definition and Examples of Regulative Controls Type of Regulative Control Definition Example Bureaucratic Controls Policies and operating procedures Employee handbook Financial Controls Key financial targets Return on investment Quality Controls Acceptable levels of product or process variation Defects per million The Board of Directors is at the top, followed by the CEO and then the Medical Director. Below these top executives are vice presidents with responsibility for overseeing various hospital functions such as human resources, medical records, surgery, and intensive care units. The chain of command in hospitals is clear; a nurse, for example, would not dare increase the dosage of a heart medication to a patient in an intensive care unit without a physicians order. Clearly, this has the potential to slow reaction times-physicians sometimes spread their time across hospital rounds for two or three hospitals and also their individual office practice. Yet, it is the nurses and other direct care providers who have the most contact with patients and are in the best position to rapidly respond to changes in a patients condition. The question bureaucratic controls must address is: How can the chain of command be preserved while also building flexibility and quick response times into the system? One way is through standard operating procedures that delegate responsibility downward. Some hospital respiratory therapy departments, for example, have developed standard operating procedures (in health care terms, therapist-driven protocols or TDPs) with input fro

Comparing Writing Careers of Edgar Allan Poe and Stephen King Essay

Comparing Writing Careers of Edgar Allan Poe and Stephen King In human nature there exists a morbid desire to explore the darker realms of life. As sensitive beings we make every effort to deny our curiosity in the things that frighten us, and will calmly reassure our children that there aren't any creatures under their beds each night, but deep down we secretly thrive on that cool rush of fear. Despite our efforts to maintain a balance of respectable emotions, we are a society of people who slow down to look at traffic accidents and find excitement in the macabre. We turn off the lights when watching scary movies, and when it?s time to go to bed, we secretly make sure the closet doors are shut. Fear keeps our hearts pumping and endorphins rushing, for it is an emotion that reminds us of our mortality. How ironic it is to experience more life in our fascination with death. Two legendary writers have ruled the universe of death and horror with remarkable success, both gifted with the talent of introducing each reader to his or her own subconscious fears. Edgar Allan Poe and Stephen King are the masters of their craft, blessed- or perhaps cursed- with imaginations that set higher standards in the field of writing. Both authors broke new ground in fiction that has had a significant impact on the world of literature. Similar in quite a few ways, though contrasting in many others, this paper will explore the lives and styles of these two remarkable men, paying close attention to the differences that exist in their approaches to writing. A look into Poe?s childhood might shed some light on where this divergence stems from. Edgar Allan Poe was born in 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts to drifting actor parents. Denying his parental responsibilities, his father abandoned his wife and three children, leaving her to support the family as best she could. She traveled through various cities acting in stage engagements as she could get them, but the struggle eventually took a toll on her health. Towards the end of 1811 while in Richmond, Virginia, she became ill and died. Her children were promptly farmed into homes, Edgar being placed into the residence of a well-off, yet unsupportive merchant named John Allan. Allan was emotionally detached from Poe, refusing to even legally adopt the boy. This move would begin a chain of events, eventually triggering a drinki... ..., and even if Poe?s use of language may be difficult to understand in this day and age, his subject matter is just as timely as Kings is. They have followed the norms in style of their respective cultures and times, even though their themes don?t exactly adhere to society?s morality. They are different and stand out because of it. We may never know if any of this affected either writer?s ideas or successes, or if they simply were destined to write the way they have. What we do know is that as readers we will never be the same. The things that have secretly scared us since childhood are forever entrenched in the stories by these two great writers, and the subject of fear will never grow cold. WORKS CITED Charters, Ann. The Story and Its Writer. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin?s, 1999. Edgar Allan Poe- The Life of a Poet. National Park Service. 4 Apr. 2001. King, Stephen. Needful Things. New York: Viking Penguin, 1991. ---. Night Shift. New York: Doubleday Dell, 1976. ---. On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft. New York: Scribner, 2000. Van Doren Stern, Philip. The Portable Poe. New York: Penguin Books, 1957. Trotter, Jeffrey. Epinions. 5 Aug. 2000.

Andy Warhol research

Warhol created his pieces by discovering what was popular, what stood out in modern art, and also something with standard American values. Warhol also took everyday objects and turned them into pop art sensations. He realized that the majority of the United States went food shopping and decided to create a line of supermarket products. This line of Whorl's included the very popular Brills boxes, price tags, the banana, and Coca-Cola bottles (Warwick). His creation of Coca Cola Bottles in 1962 became very popular. The bottles are in the everyday life of anAmerican which made them very familiar with practically everyone. â€Å"Warhol used to identify the nature of the great American society, anonymous and consumerist, devoted to conformism and with a pride in unanimity, was the ubiquitous Coca Cola bottle- â€Å"(Cobblestone 12). To Warhol, a Coca Cola bottle seemed so simple but, also a universal icon in the United States. Before Warhol, lots of artists had assistants who stretched and primed canvases, ran errands, or even participated in making the work. But at the Factory, the crew grew to the size of a small business.It was seen as sort of entourage, but Warhol turned that idea on its head: â€Å"People thought it was me that everyone at the Factory was hanging around†¦ But that's absolutely backward. It was me who was hanging around everyone else. I Just paid the rent. † gave rise to? a type for whom conflating culture and commerce is about â€Å"engaging with modern life on its own terms,†Andy Warhol went back to the origin of art: drawing Stuff That Matters cavemen drawing animals that either fed them or killed them, later paintings and sculptures of gods and demons.Andy Warhol looked at the world and asked, what matters now? Which is how â€Å"icons† of Marilyn Monroe and consumer products such as Campbell Soup ended up being part of his work. Warhol created his pieces by discovering what was popular, what stood out in modern a rt, and also something with standard American values. Warhol also took everyday objects and turned them into pop art sensations. He realized that the majority of the United States went food shopping and decided to create a line of supermarket products.This line of Whorl's included the very popular Brills boxes, price tags, the banana, ND Coca-Cola bottles (Warwick). His creation of Coca Cola Bottles in 1962 became very popular. The bottles are in the everyday life of an American which made them very familiar with practically everyone. â€Å"Warhol used to identify the nature of the great American society, anonymous and consumerist, devoted to conformism and with a pride in unanimity, was the ubiquitous Coca Cola bottle- â€Å"(Cobblestone 12). To Warhol, a Coca Cola bottle seemed so simple but, also a universal icon in the United States. Andy Warhol research By stark

Steam Distillation

CONTENTS CONTENTS| PAGES| 1) Abstract| 2-3| 2) Introduction| 4-6| 3) Objectives, Materials and Apparatus, Chemicals| 7| 4) Method| 8| 5) Results| 9-11| 6) Discussion| 12| 7) Conclusion| 13-14| 8) References| 15| ABSTRACT This experiment is about steam distillation by using Dalton’s Law. The objectives of this experiment are to demonstrate a separation of a mixture by using steam distillation and next to prove that Dalton’ Law and ideal gas law are applicable in steam distillation. Dalton’s Law; While Ideal Gas Law; This experiment is conducted by placing 2mL of Turpentine and 15mL of water into the flask. 0mL graduated cylinder is used as the receiver. All the connections are make sure tighten. Next,two boiling chips are added to ensure smooth bubbling and prevent bumping of the liquid up into the distillation head. The heating mantle is adjusted to give vigorous boiling. The first 1. 5mL of distillate is discarded and the next 5mL is collected. The volumes of th e water and turpentine layers in this distillate are recorded. The recorded volume is then compared with the ideal steam distillation law using the tabulated vapour pressure and densities. The volume of water and turpentine recorded are:Turpentine=1. 7mL Water=3. 3mL turpentine -_-_-_-_-_-_-| -_-_–_-_-_-_Water-_-_-_-_-_-_–_-_-_-_-_-_–_-_-_-_-_-_–_-_-_-_-_-_-| In conclusion,it is proven that turpentine and water can be separated using the steam distillation. INTRODUCTION Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures states that for a mixture of gases in a container, the total pressure is equal to the sum of the pressures of each gas. Where P1 is the partial pressure of gas 1, P2 is the partial pressure of gas 2, and so on†¦ OR In the experiment of the steam distillation,we applied the Dalton’s Law of Partiaal Pressure combined with Ideal Gas Law.Steam distillation is a special type of distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compounds. Steam distillation is employed in the manufacture of essential oil, for instance, perfumes. In this method steam is passed through the plant material containing the desired oils. It is also employed in the synthetic procedures of complex organic compounds. Eucalyptus oil and orange oil are obtained by this method in industrial scale. Figure 1 : Laboratory set-up for steam distillationDistillation Temperature and Composition of Distillate As with ordinary distillations, the boiling point is the temperature at which the total vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure. If the vapor pressures of the two components are known at several temperatures, the distillation temperature is found readily by plotting the vapor pressure curves of the individual components and making a third curve showing the sum of the vapor pressures at the various temperature. The steam distillation temperatures will be the point where the sum equals the atmospheric pressure.K nowing the distillation temperature of the mixture and the vapor pressures of the pure components at that temperature, one can calculate the composition of the distillate by means of Dalton’s law of partial pressures. According to Dalton’s law, the total pressure(P) in any mixture of gases is equal to sum of the partial pressures of the individual gaseous components (? A , ? B, etc). The proportion by volume of the two components in the distilling vapor will consequently be equal to the ratio of the partial pressures at that temperature; the molar proportion of the two components (?A and ? B) in steam distillation will be given by the relationship ? A/? B = ? A/ ? B, where ? A + ? B equals the atmospheric pressure. The weight proportion of the components is obtained by introducing the molecular weight (MA and MB) Weight of A / weight of B = (? A x MA) / (? B x MB) Example . Consider a specific case, such as the steam distillation of bromobenzene and water. Since the su m of the individual vapor pressures (see Figure below) attains 760 mm at 95. 2? , the mixture will distill at this temperature. At 95. 2? the vapor pressures are bromobenzene, 120mm and water, 640mm. ccording to Dalton’s law, the vapor at 95. 2? will be composed of molecules of bromobenzene and of water in the proportion 120:640. the proportion by weight of the components can be obtained by introducing their molecular weights. Weight of bromobenze / weight of water = (120 x 157)/(640 x 18) = 1. 63/1. 00 Bromobenzene= {1. 63/(1. 00 + 1. 63)} x 100% = 62% Water = {1. 00/(1. 00 + 1. 63)} x 100% = 38% The weight composition of the distillate will therefore be 62% bromobenzene and 38% water. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate a separation of a mixture by using steam distillation MATERIALS/APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT 00 ml round-bottomed flask, 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask, stoppers, naphthalene, salicylic acid. METHOD Steam Distillation of Turpentine 1. The apparatus for steam distillation are arranged a s shown in Figure 1. 50 ml of distilling flask and 10 ml graduated cylinder is used as the receiver. 2. In the flask, 5 ml, (4. 3g) of turpentine ( bp 156-165 at 760 mm) and 15 ml, of water is placed. 3. Two boiling chips are added and the heating mantle is adjusted to give vigorous boiling. It is essential for the success of this experiment that the mixture boiled rapidly with good mixing of the two phases.Because the point of this experiment is to measure an equilibrium composition and the initial distillate may not have time to equilibrate, the first 1. 5 ml of distillate is discarded and the next 5 ml is collected. 4. The volumes of the water and the turpentine layers at this distillate are recorded. 5. The ratio of the volumes actually found is compared with the ratio calculated from the ideal steam distillation law using the tabulated vapor pressure and densities. 6. The distillation temperature observed is compared with the calculated value. RESULTS turpentine -_-_-_-_-_-_-| _-_–_-_-_-_Water-_-_-_-_-_-_–_-_-_-_-_-_–_-_-_-_-_-_–_-_-_-_-_-_-| Turpentine = 5. 0mL Water = 15. 0mL Weight composition: Water = 15. 0 x 100 20. 0 = 75 % Turpentine = 5. 0 x 100 20. 0 = 25 % The weight composition that will be distillate will be 75 % water and 25 % turpentine. After the mixture have been distilled, here is the result: Total volume of distillate = 5. 0mL Turpentine = 1. 7mL Water = 3. 3mL Weight composition: Water = 3. 3 x 100 5. 0 = 66 % Turpentine = 1. 7 x 100 5. 0 = 34 % Ratio of turpentine to water : Turpentine : Water 0. 34 : 0. 66Weight of turpentine/ Weight of water = [0. 34 x [12(10)+1(16)]] / [0. 66 x [1(2)+1(16)]] = (0. 34 x 136) / (0. 66 x 18) = 46. 24 / 11. 88 = 3. 8923 Turpentine = [ 46. 24 / (46. 24+11. 88) ] x 100% = 79. 5595 % Water = [ 11. 88/ (46. 24+11. 88) ] x 100% = 20. 4405 % Temperature, T/C| Volume of distillate, V/mL| 94| 1st 1. 5mL| 94| 1| 94| 2| 94| 3| 94| 4| 94| 5| DISCUSSION 1. What properties must a substanc e have for a steam distillation to be practical? For steam distillation of a substance to be carried out, the substance must be heat sensitive. It must possess a lower boiling point than water.This method is also advisable for highly volatile liquids because highly volatile liquids denatures at high temperatures. 2. What are the advantages and the disadvantages of steam distillation as a method of purification? Among the advantages of steam distillation is organic compounds which is steam distilled will evaporate at lower temperatures, most probably below their temperature of denaturation. Besides that, heat sensitive aromatic compounds which cannot be distilled by direct heating can be processed. On the other hand, the disadvantages of this method are this method is not exactly suitable for all types of aromatic oils.Only certain types of aromatic oils are suitable to be processed using this method. Furthermore the heat is difficult to control causing the rate of distillation to be variable. -Our group apparatus got some problems. The turpentine that has been distillated accumulated at the joint of the apparatus. This is because the apparatus less slope, leads the turpentine to accumulate, resulting long time to collect the distillated turpentine. CONCLUSION Steam distillation is a special type of distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compounds.Many organic compounds tend to decompose at high sustained temperatures. Separation by normal distillation would then not be an option, so water or steam is introduced into the distillation apparatus. By adding water or steam, the boiling points of the compounds are depressed, allowing them to evaporate at lower temperatures, preferably below the temperatures at which the deterioration of the material becomes appreciable. Therefore, as the conclusion, it is proven that turpentine and water can be separated by using steam distillation.It is also known that water ha s a higher density than turpentine. Next, Dalton's law (also called Dalton's law of partial pressures) states that the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture. This empirical law was observed by John Dalton in 1801 and is related to the ideal gas laws. On the other hand, the ideal gas law is stated as the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation to the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitationsTherefore, as both of these laws are involved, we can conclude that both Dalton’s Law and Ideal Gas Law are applicable in steam distillation. Based on the result of the experiment, water contains 80% and turpentine contain 20% portion. Some errors might have occurred during the experiment that caused the results to be differed from the theory. During the experiment, the apparatus must handle carefully because it is easily broken. To increase the accuracy of the result, thermometer is used in the flask so we can read the temperature in the flask.We must use stopper to close the flask because it can avoid the water vapour escape to the environment REFERENCES John R. Dean, Alan M. Jones, David Holmes, Rob Reed, Jonathan Weyers and Allan Jones (2002). Practical Skills in Chemistry. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Great Britain: Prentice-Hall Carl W. Garland, Joseph W. Nibler, David P. Shoemaker, (2003). Experiments In Physical Chemistry. 7th Edition. New York, N. Y. : McGraw-Hill Umland and Bellama (1999). General Chemistry. 3rd ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company APPENDICES Steam Distillation Experiment 2: Isolation of Eugenol from Cloves Background; Readings on Vapor pressure, Raoult’s Law from TRO: A mixture of the essential oils, eugenol and acetyleugenol, will be steam distilled from cloves. These compounds are isolated from aqueous distillate by extraction into dichloromethane. The dichloromethane solution is shaken with aqueous sodium hydroxide, which will react with eugenol, to yield the sodium salt of eugenol in the basic aqueous layer, and acetyleugenol in the organic layer. The basic aqueous layer can be acidified to re-extract eugenol from it.And the organic layer can be dried and concentrated to yield acetyleugenol The principle of steam distillation is based on the fact that two immiscible liquids will boil at a lower temperature than the boiling points of either pure component, because the total vapor pressure of the heterogeneous mixture is simply the sum of the vapor pressures of the individual components (i. e. PT = PoA + PoB, where Po is the vapor pressure of the pure liquids). This leads to a higher vapor pressure for the mixture than would be predicted for a solution using Raoult’s Law(applies for iscible mixtures) (that is PT = Po(A)n(A) + Po(B)n(B), where n is the mole fraction of the component in the mixture). The higher total vapor pressure leads to a lower boiling point for the mixture than for either single component. The boiling point of eugenol, an oil found in cloves, is 248  °C, but it can be isolated at a lower temperature by performing a co-distillation with water. Steam distillation allows separating substances at lower temperatures which is useful since many organic compounds tend to decompose at high temperatures which regular distillation would require.For steam distillation to be successful, the material to be isolated must be insoluble in water. Usually   these compounds have a low vapour pressure. After mixing them with water, however, the mixture will distil when the sum of the two vapour pre ssures reaches atmospheric pressure. It follows, then, that this must happen below the boiling point of water. Note that by steam distillation, as long as water is present, the high-boiling component vaporizes at a temperature well below its normal boiling point without using a vacuum.Since eugenol is not soluble in water, the concentration of the eugenol in the vapor over the boiling eugenol– water suspension does not depend on concentration of the eugenol. The relative amounts of eugenol and water in the vapor simply depend on the vapor pressures of the pure materials. The vapor pressure of water at 100  °C is 760 torr, and the vapor pressure of eugenol at 100  °C is approximately 4 torr; (Note, the suspension boils when it’s vapor pressure is equal to the external pressure.Since both the eugenol and the water are contributing to the vapor pressure of the suspension, the suspension will boil before either pure substance would normally boil. ) Since the distillate will contain both water and eugenol, the eugenol must be extracted from the water using an organic solvent. Once the eugenol is extracted into an organic solvent,the organic layer is separated from the aqueous layer and dried. The eugenol is finally isolated by evaporation of the organic solvent. When   the sum of the separate vapor pressures equals the total pressure, he mixture boils and P =P(A) + P(B) Where PA is vapor pressure of pure water A PB is vapor pressure of pure B 1 Then the vapor composition is Y (A)= PA/P Y(B) =PB/P Dalton’s Law: PAV1 = nART1 and PBV2 = nBRT2 V1 = V2 and T1 = T2 n = moles, The ratio moles of B distilled to moles of A distilled is OH OCH3 OAc OCH3 Eugenol AcetyleugenolObjectives: To extract Eugenol and Acetyleugeonol from cloves To separate the mixture of eugenol and acetyleugenol using their acid- ­? base properties. To characterize eugenol and acetyleugenol using TLC(Rf values) andRefractive index. Glassware: Beaker to mass the cloves, Er lenmeyer flasks(2, 50- ­? ml), storage container+ distillation glassware(there should be an assembly in the fume hood) Procedure: Week 1: Steam Distillation Place 10 g of whole cloves (ground using a mortar and pestle by the teacher) in a 100-mL round-bottom flask, add 50 mL of water, and set up an apparatus for simple distillation- steam (will be set up in the fumehood and you can draw the set up while in the lab) will be generated in situ(50 ml of water added to the flask will generate the steam).Heat the flask until boiling begins, then reduce the heat just enough to prevent foam from being carried over into the receiver. Use a 50-mL Erlenmeyer flask as a receiver(the distillate will collect in the flask thro a funnel) and transfer periodically your distillate to a 50-mL graduated cylinder. While you have removed one receiver, do not forget to replace the Erlenmeyer flask with a second one(that is clean and dry). 2 Caution: It is important that the cloves remain covered with wa ter at all times. Or else, the cloves will burn and smoke!Also, the distillation has to be steady. If not the mixture will foam and the foam will drop down the condenser into the receiving flask. And this would contaminate the distillate. Save the distillate in a tightly capped bottle for the following week. Week 2: Separation of Eugenol and Acetyleugenol via acid/base extraction Place the 50 mL of distillate in a 125-mL separatory funnel and extract with three 10-mL portions of dichloromethane. Combine the dichloromethane extracts and reserve 1 mL for thin layer chromatography. teacher will explain this step) To separate eugenol from acetyleugenol: pour back the dichloromethane extracts into the separatory funnel, extract the dichloromethane solution with 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Carry out this extraction three times, using 5-mL portions of sodium hydroxide each time. KEEP the aqueous extracts (it contains eugenol) and dry the organic layer over sodium sulfate (add eno ugh so the drying agent no longer clumps together but appears to be a dry powder as it settles in the solution).Swirl the flask to complete the drying process and let the drying agent settle for 1 minute before decanting into a DRY and TARED Erlenmeyer flask, rinse the drying agent with two 2-mL portions of dichloromethane. Evaporate the solution on a steam bath, the residue should be aetyleugenol. Acidify the combined aqueous extracts to pH 1 with concentrated hydrochloric acid (use Litmus paper to monitor the pH), and then extract the eugenol with three 5-mL portions of dichloromethane.Dry the combined extracts over sodium sulfate, as done before, decant into a DRY and TARED Erlenmeyer flask, and evaporate the solution on a steam bath, the residue should be eugenol. Cleaning Up: Combine all aqueous layers, neutralize with sodium carbonate, dilute with water, and flush down the drain. Any solutions containing dichloromethane should be placed in the halogenated organic waste contain er. Wash up all glassware with soap and water. Analysis: Calculate the weight percent yields of eugenol and acetyleugenol oils based on the weight of cloves used. Analyze your products sing refraction index. Analyze your products using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Eluent: dicloromethane-hexane (1:2 or 2:1)Vizualization: under UV light and iodine chamber AS Co AE AS – Acetyleugenol Standard Co – Co-spot AE – Acetyleugenol Extract ES Co EE ES – Eugenol Standard Co – Co-spot EE – Eugenol Extract ES Co CM ES – Eugenol Standard Co – Co-spot CM – Crude Mixture First a TLC plate is prepared by spotting the purified unknown and an authentic sample of each possible compound. Then the TLC plate is developed. For the next step (co-spotting), an authentic sample of the 3 ompound closest in Rf value to the unknown is chosen. TLC co-spotting of a second plate allows for preliminary identification of your compound. Three spots are applied to the adsorbent on the baseline of the TLC plate: the purified unknown, an authentic sample, and a co-spot of unknown and authentic sample. If the developed TLC plate shows only one row of spots, it can be concluded that the unknown has been purifed, and that the unknown is possibly the same compound as the authentic sample.However, because Rf values are relative, not absolute, some compounds may have very similar Rf values Pre- ­? ab: FOR WEEK 1 only: All the required formulae for the caculations have been presented here. Hence googling is not required. MSDS is required for the following chemicals: Eugenol and acetyl eugenol. Pre- ­? lab should be complete to the best of your ability before the lab. Answers will be discussed during the lab. For the procedure : You will draw the glassware set up when you come to the lab; Just come prepared with titles, objectives, MSDS. Questions from pre-lab should ensure that you have understood the theory behind WEEK 1 ; Distillation . 1a. What is the vapour pressure of benzene at 80 egrees celcius. Explain the term vapour pressure. 1b. What is an azeotrope? How would the term azeotrope apply in this experiment? 2a. The vapor pressure of water at 99oC is 733 torr. What is the vapor pressure of eugenol that codistills at this temperature? The amount of the substance X that co- ­? distills together with the water is given by Pwater/px = nwater/nx n(water) = moles of water n(X)= moles of Eugenol 2b. Calculate the mass of eugenol that co-distills with each gram of water at 99oC. How many grams of water must be distilled to steam distill 2 grams of eugenol from an aqueous solution?Calculate mass% for both eugenol and water. 3. What is the difference between essential oil and fatty oil? What would be suitable IUPAC name for eugenol and acetyl eugenol? 4. Based on the formulae presented so far, cite one disadvantage of steam distillation of organic compounds. 5. Steam distillation may be used to separate a mixture of 4- ­? nitrophenol and 2- ­? nitrophenol. The 2- ­? nitrophenol distills at 93 degrees but the 4- ­? nitrophenol does not. Explain. 6. List your observations during the lab: Record the temperatures at various times, nature of the distillate, odour†¦.. 4